11.1. 2D Map View

The 2D map view (also called Map canvas) is the central place where maps are displayed. QGIS opens by default with a single map view (called main map), showing layers in 2D, and tightly bound to the Layers panel. That window reflects the rendering (symbology, labeling, visibilities…) you applied to the loaded layers.

Fig. 11.1 QGIS GUI

11.1.1. Exploring the map view

When you add a layer (see e.g. Opening Data), QGIS automatically looks for its CRS. If a different CRS is set by default for the project (see Project Coordinate Reference Systems) then the layer extent is “on-the-fly” translated to that CRS, and the map view is zoomed to that extent if you start with a blank QGIS project. If there are already layers in the project, no map canvas resize is performed, so only features falling within the current map canvas extent will be visible.

Click on the map view and you should be able to interact with it, panning or zooming to different areas of the map. Dedicated tools are provided in the Navigation Toolbar and in the View menu, with handful shortcuts from the keyboard or the mouse buttons.

Table 11.1 Map canvas navigation tools

Tool	Usage
Pan Map	Single left click: the map is centered on the clicked point, at the same scale Hold down the left mouse button and drag the map canvas.
Zoom In	Single left click: the map is centered on the clicked point, while the scale gets doubled Drag a rectangle on the map canvas with the left mouse button to zoom in to an area. Hold the Alt key to switch to the Zoom Out tool.
Zoom Out	Single left click: the map is centered on the clicked point, while the scale gets halved Drag a rectangle on the map canvas with the left mouse button to zoom out from an area. Hold the Alt key to switch to the Zoom In tool.
Pan Map to Selection	Pan the map to the selected features of all the selected layers in the Layers panel.
Zoom To Selection	Zoom to the selected features of all the selected layers in the Layers panel. Also available in the layer contextual menu
Zoom To Layer(s)	Zoom to the extent of all the selected layers in the Layers panel. Also available in the layer contextual menu
Zoom Full	Zoom to the extent of all the layers in the project or to the project full extent.
Zoom Last	Zoom the map to the previous extent in history.
Zoom Next	Zoom the map to the next extent in history.
Zoom to Native Resolution	Zoom the map to a level where one pixel of the active raster layer covers one screen pixel. Also available in the layer contextual menu
Mouse wheel	Pan map: Hold and drag the mouse wheel. Zoom: Roll the mouse wheel to zoom in or zoom out. With Ctrl key pressed while rolling the mouse wheel results in a finer zoom. Press the back or forward button to browse the map canvas zoom history.
Keyboard	Pan map: Hold down the Space key and move the mouse. Press the arrow keys to pan up, down, left and right. Zoom in: Press PgUp or Ctrl++ Zoom out: Press PgDown or Ctrl+- Zoom to area: When certain map tools are active (Identify, Measure…), hold down Shift and drag a rectangle on the map to zoom to that area. Not compatible with active selection or edit tools.

Right-click over the map and you should be able to Copy coordinates of the clicked point in the map CRS, in WGS84 or in a custom CRS. The copied information can then be pasted in an expression, a script, text editor or spreadsheet…

11.1.2. Controlling map rendering

By default, QGIS renders all visible layers whenever the map canvas is refreshed. The events that trigger a refresh of the map canvas include:

• changing the visibility of a layer

• modifying symbology of a visible layer

• adding a layer

• panning or zooming

• resizing the QGIS window

QGIS allows you to control the rendering process in a number of ways.

• at the global level

• per layer, using e.g. the scale dependent rendering

• or with dedicated tools in the GUI.

To stop the map drawing, press the Esc key. This will halt the refresh of the map canvas and leave the map partially drawn. It may however take a bit of time after pressing Esc for the map drawing to halt.

To suspend rendering, click the Render checkbox in the bottom-right corner of the status bar. When Render is unchecked, QGIS does not redraw the canvas in response to any of the usual triggers mentioned earlier. Examples of when you might want to suspend rendering include:

• adding many layers and symbolizing them prior to drawing

• adding one or more large layers and setting scale dependency before drawing

• adding one or more large layers and zooming to a specific view before drawing

• any combination of the above

Checking the Render checkbox enables rendering and causes an immediate refresh of the map canvas.

11.1.3. Time-based control on the map canvas

QGIS can handle temporal control on loaded layers, i.e. modify the map canvas rendering based on a time variation. To achieve this, you need:

1. Layers that have dynamic temporal properties set. QGIS supports temporal control for different data providers, with custom settings. It’s mainly about setting the time range in which the layer would display:

   • raster layers: controls whether to display or not the layer.

   • WMTS layers: controls whether the data should be rendered based on a static time range or following a dynamic temporal range

   • vector layers: features are filtered based on time values associated to their attributes

   • mesh layers: displays dynamically the active dataset groups values

   When dynamic temporal options are enabled for a layer, an icon is displayed next to the layer in the Layers panel to remind you that the layer is temporally controlled. Click the icon to update the temporal settings.

2. Enable the temporal navigation of the map canvas using the Temporal controller panel. The panel is activated:

   • using the ^{Temporal controller panel} icon located in the Map Navigation toolbar

   • or from the View ► Panels ► Temporal controller panel menu

11.1.3.1. The temporal controller panel

The Temporal controller panel has the following modes:

Fig. 11.2 Temporal Controller Panel in navigation mode

• ^{Turn off temporal navigation}: all the temporal settings are disabled and visible layers are rendered as usual

• ^{Fixed range temporal navigation}: a time range is set and only layers (or features) whose temporal range overlaps with this range are displayed on the map.

• ^{Animated temporal navigation}: a time range is set, split into steps, and only layers (or features) whose temporal range overlaps with each frame are displayed on the map

• ^Settings for general control of the animation

  • Frames rate: number of steps that are shown per second

  • Cumulative range: all animation frames will have the same start date-time but different end dates and times. This is useful if you wish to accumulate data in your temporal visualization instead of showing a ‘moving time window’ across your data.

11.1.3.2. Animating a temporal navigation

An animation is based on a varying set of visible layers at particular times within a time range. To create a temporal animation:

1. Toggle on the ^{Animated temporal navigation}, displaying the animation player widget

2. Enter the Time range to consider. Using the button, this can be defined as:

   • Set to full range of all the time enabled layers

   • Set to preset project range as defined in the project properties

   • Set to single layer’s range taken from a time-enabled layer

3. Fill in the time Step to split the time range. Different units are supported, from seconds to centuries. A source timestamps option is also available as step: when selected, this causes the temporal navigation to step between all available time ranges from layers in the project. It’s useful when a project contains layers with non-contiguous available times, such as a WMS-T service which provides images that are available at irregular dates. This option will allow you to only step between time ranges where the next available image is shown.

4. Click the button to preview the animation. QGIS will generate scenes using the layers rendering at the set times. Layers display depends on whether they overlap any individual time frame.

   

   Fig. 11.3 Temporal navigation through a layer

   The animation can also be previewed by moving the time slider. Checking the Loop checkbox will repeatedly run the animation while clicking stops a running animation. A full set of video player buttons is available.

   Horizontal scrolling using the mouse wheel (where supported) with the cursor on the map canvas will also allow you to navigate, or “scrub”, the temporal navigation slider backwards and forwards.

5. Click the ^{Export animation} button if you want to generate a series of images representing the scene. They can be later combined in a video editor software:

   

   Fig. 11.4 Exporting map canvas animation scenes to images

   • The filename Template: the #### are replaced with frame sequence number

   • The Output directory

   • Under Map settings, you can:

     • redefine the spatial extent to use

     • control the Resolution of the image (Output width and Output height)

     • Draw active decorations: whether active decorations should be kept in the output

   • Under Temporal settings, you can redefine:

     • the time Range for the animation

     • the Step (frame length) in the unit of your choice

11.1.4. Bookmarking extents on the map

Spatial Bookmarks allow you to “bookmark” a geographic location and return to it later. By default, bookmarks are saved in the user’s profile (as User Bookmarks), meaning that they are available from any project the user opens. They can also be saved for a single project (named Project Bookmarks) and stored within the project file, which can be helpful if the project is to be shared with other users.

11.1.4.1. Creating a Bookmark

To create a bookmark:

1. Zoom and pan to the area of interest.

2. Select the menu option View ► New Spatial Bookmark…, press Ctrl+B or right-click the Spatial Bookmarks entry in the Browser panel and select New Spatial Bookmark. The Bookmark Editor dialog opens.

   

   Fig. 11.5 The Bookmark Editor Dialog

3. Enter a descriptive name for the bookmark

4. Enter or select a group name in which to store related bookmarks

5. Select the extent of the area you wish to save, using the extent selector widget

6. Change the map Rotation

7. Indicate the CRS to use for the extent

8. Select whether the bookmark will be Saved in User Bookmarks or Project Bookmarks (by default, this drop-down list is set to User Bookmarks)

9. Press Save to add the bookmark to the list

Note that you can have multiple bookmarks with the same name.

11.1.4.2. Working with Bookmarks

To use and manage bookmarks, you can either use the Spatial Bookmarks panel or Browser.

Select View ► Show Spatial Bookmark Manager or press Ctrl+7 to open the Spatial Bookmarks Manager panel. Select View ► Show Bookmarks or Ctrl+Shift+B to show the Spatial Bookmarks entry in the Browser panel.

You can perform the following tasks:

Table 11.2 Managing bookmark actions

Task	Spatial Bookmark Manager	Browser
Zoom to a Bookmark	Double-click on it, or select the bookmark and press the Zoom to bookmark button.	Double-click on it, drag and drop it to the map canvas, or right-click the bookmark and select Zoom to Bookmark.
Delete a bookmark	Select the bookmark and click the Delete bookmark button. Confirm your choice.	Right-click the bookmark and select Delete Spatial Bookmark. Confirm your choice.
Export bookmarks to XML	Click the Import/Export Bookmarks button and select Export. All the bookmarks (user or project) are saved in an xml file.	Select one or more folders (user or project) or subfolders (groups), then right-click and select Export Spatial Bookmarks…. The selected bookmark subset is saved.
Import bookmarks from XML	Click the Import/Export Bookmarks button and select Import. All bookmarks in the XML file are imported as user bookmarks.	Right-click the Spatial Bookmarks entry or one of its folders (user or project) or subfolders (groups) to determine where to import the bookmarks, then select Import Spatial Bookmarks. If performed on the Spatial Bookmarks entry, the bookmarks are added to User Bookmarks.
Edit bookmark	You can change a bookmark by changing the values in the table. You can edit the name, the group, the extent and if it is stored in the project or not.	Right-click the desired bookmark and select Edit Spatial Bookmark…. The Bookmark Editor will open, allowing you to redefine every aspect of the bookmark as if you were creating it for the first time. You can also drag and drop the bookmark between folders (user and project) and subfolders (groups).

You can manage bookmark actions by right-click on the desired bookmark in the Spatial Bookmarks Manager. You can also zoom to bookmarks by typing the bookmark name in the locator.

11.1.5. Decorating the map

Decorations include Grid, Title Label, Copyright Label, Image, North Arrow, Scale Bar and Layout Extents. They are used to ‘decorate’ the map by adding cartographic elements.

11.1.5.1. Grid

Grid allows you to add a coordinate grid and coordinate annotations to the map canvas.

1. Select menu option View ► Decorations ► Grid… to open the dialog.

   

   Fig. 11.6 The Grid Dialog

2. Tick Enable grid and set grid definitions according to the layers loaded in the map canvas:

   • The Grid type: it can be Line or Marker

   • The associated Line symbol or marker symbol used to represent the grid marks

   • The Interval X and Interval Y between the grid marks, in map units

   • An Offset X and Offset Y distance of the grid marks from the bottom left corner of the map canvas, in map units

   • The interval and offset parameters can be set based on the:

     • Canvas Extents: generates a grid with an interval that is approximatively 1/5 of the canvas width

     • Active Raster Layer resolution

3. Tick Draw annotations to display the coordinates of the grid marks and set:

   • The Annotation direction, ie how the labels would be placed relative to their grid line. It can be:

     • Horizontal or Vertical for all the labels

     • Horizontal and Vertical, ie each label is parallel to the grid mark it refers to

     • Boundary direction, ie each label follows the canvas boundary, and is perpendicular to the grid mark it refers to

   • The Annotation font (text formatting, buffer, shadow…) using the font selector widget

   • The Distance to map frame, margin between annotations and map canvas limits. Convenient when exporting the map canvas eg to an image format or PDF, and avoid annotations to be on the “paper” limits.

   • The Coordinate precision

4. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.

11.1.5.2. Title Label

Title Label allows you to decorate your map with a Title.

To add a Title Label decoration:

1. Select menu option View ► Decorations ► Title Label… to open the dialog.

   

   Fig. 11.7 The Title Decoration Dialog

2. Make sure Enable Title Label is checked

3. Enter the title text you want to place on the map. You can make it dynamic using the Insert or Edit an Expression… button.

4. Choose the Font for the label using the font selector widget with full access to QGIS text formatting options. Quickly set the font color and opacity by clicking the black arrow to the right of the font combo box.

5. Select the color to apply to the title’s Background bar color.

6. Choose the Placement of the label in the canvas: options are Top left, Top Center (default), Top Right, Bottom left, Bottom Center and Bottom Right.

7. Refine the placement of the item by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.

8. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.

11.1.5.3. Copyright Label

Copyright Label can be used to decorate your map with a Copyright label.

To add this decoration:

1. Select menu option View ► Decorations ► Copyright Label… to open the dialog.

   

   Fig. 11.8 The Copyright Decoration Dialog

2. Make sure Enable Copyright Label is checked

3. Enter the copyright text you want to place on the map. You can make it dynamic using the Insert or Edit an Expression… button.

4. Choose the Font for the label using the font selector widget with full access to QGIS text formatting options. Quickly set the font color and opacity by clicking the black arrow to the right of the font combo box.

5. Choose the Placement of the label in the canvas: options are Top left, Top Center, Top Right, Bottom left, Bottom Center, and Bottom Right (default for Copyright decoration)

6. Refine the placement of the item by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.

7. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.

11.1.5.4. Image Decoration

Image allows you to add an image (logo, legend, ..) on the map canvas.

To add an image:

1. Select menu option View ► Decorations ► Image… to open the dialog.

   

   Fig. 11.9 The Image Decoration Dialog

2. Make sure Enable Image is checked

3. Select a bitmap (e.g. png or jpg) or SVG image using the … ^Browse button

4. If you have chosen a parameter enabled SVG then you can also set a Fill or Stroke (outline) color. For bitmap images, the color settings are disabled.

5. Set a Size of the image in mm. The width of selected image is used to resize it to given Size.

6. Choose where you want to place the image on the map canvas with the Placement combo box. The default position is Top Left.

7. Set the Horizontal and Vertical Margin from (Canvas) Edge. These values can be set in Millimeters, Pixels or as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.

8. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected and OK if you’re satisfied.

11.1.5.5. North Arrow

North Arrow allows you to add a north arrow on the map canvas.

To add a north arrow:

1. Select menu option View ► Decorations ► North Arrow… to open the dialog.

   

   Fig. 11.10 The North Arrow Dialog

2. Make sure Enable north arrow is checked

3. Optionally change the color and size, or choose a custom SVG

4. Optionally change the angle or choose Automatic to let QGIS determine the direction

5. Optionally choose the placement from the Placement combo box

6. Optionally refine the placement of the arrow by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from (Canvas) Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.

7. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected and OK if you’re satisfied.

11.1.5.6. Scale Bar

Scale Bar adds a simple scale bar to the map canvas. You can control the style and placement, as well as the labelling of the bar. The scale bar respects the active project’s distance unit as defined in Project properties ► General ► Units for distance measurement.

To add a scale bar:

1. Select menu option View ► Decorations ► Scale Bar… to open the dialog

   

   Fig. 11.11 The Scale Bar Dialog

2. Make sure Enable scale bar is checked

3. Choose a style from the Scale bar style combo box

4. Select the Color of bar by choosing a fill color (default: black) and an outline color (default: white). The scale bar fill and outline can be made opaque by clicking on the down arrow to the right of the color input.

5. Select the font for the scale bar from the Font of bar combo box

6. Set the Size of bar in the active unit

7. Optionally check Automatically snap to round number on resize to display easy-to-read values

8. Choose the placement from the Placement combo box

9. You can refine the placement of the item by setting a horizontal and/or vertical Margin from (Canvas) Edge. These values can be in Millimeters or Pixels or set as a Percentage of the width or height of the map canvas.

10. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected or OK if you’re satisfied.

11.1.5.7. Layout Extents

Layout Extents adds the extents of map item(s) in print layout(s) to the canvas. When enabled, the extents of all map items within all print layouts are shown using a lightly dotted border labeled with the name of the print layout and map item. You can control the style and labeling of the displayed layout extents. This decoration is useful when you are tweaking the positioning of map elements such as labels, and need to know the actual visible region of print layouts.

Fig. 11.12 Example of layout extents displayed in a QGIS project with two print layouts. The print layout named ‘Sights’ contains two map items, while the other print layout contains one map item.

To add layout extent(s):

1. Select View ► Decorations ► Layout Extents to open the dialog

   

   Fig. 11.13 The Layout Extents Dialog

2. Make sure Show layout extents is checked.

3. Optionally change the symbol and labeling of the extents.

4. Click Apply to verify that it looks as expected and OK if you’re satisfied.

Tip

Decorations Settings

When you save a QGIS project file, any changes you have made to Grid, North Arrow, Scale Bar, Copyright and Layout Extents will be saved in the project and restored the next time you load the project.

11.1.6. Annotation Tools

Annotations are another type of elements added onto the map canvas to provide additional information that can not be depicted by the rendered layers. Unlike labels that rely on attribute values stored in vector layers, annotations are independent details, stored within the project file itself.

Two families of annotations are available in QGIS:

• Feature annotations: they are actual georeferenced features of text, marker, line or polygon type stored within a special layer type called “annotation layer”. They are tied to a particular geographic location, meaning that moving your map, changing the scale or changing projection won’t cause your annotations to jump around the map. Rather, they’ll be locked in place to the location you’ve drawn them.

• Balloon annotations: these are individuals annotations of text, form or image type placed inside a bubble. They can be associated to any layer for their visibility, are drawn on top of the map canvas. The size is dependent from the map canvas scale, and its position can be anchored.

Tip

Layout the map with annotations

You can print or export annotations with your map to various formats using:

• map canvas export tools available in the Project menu

• print layout, in which case you need to check Draw map canvas items in the corresponding map item properties

The Annotations Toolbar provides a set of tools to create and interact with both families of annotations.

Table 11.3 The Annotations Toolbar actions

Tool	Usage	Scope
New Annotation Layer	Create a new layer to store annotations	Feature annotations
Main Annotation Layer Properties	Control settings of the Main Annotation Layer
Modify Annotations	Select, move, resize and modify symbology properties of annotations
Create Polygon Annotation	Create an annotation as a polygon feature
Create Line Annotation	Create an annotation as a polyline feature
Create Marker Annotation	Create an annotation as a point feature
Create Text Annotation at Point	Create an annotation as a text label
Create Text Annotation along Line	Create an annotation as a curved text along a linestring
Text Annotation	Select and create a text formatted annotation	Balloon annotations
HTML Annotation	Select and create annotation with an HTML file’s content
SVG Annotation	Select and create annotation showing an SVG file
Form Annotation	Select and create annotation showing attributes of a vector layer in a custom form file

11.1.6.1. Feature Annotations

Feature annotations are stored in annotation layers. Unlike conventional layers, an annotation layer is available only in the current project and can contain features of different types (text, marker, line, polygon). The layer has no attributes and no symbology associated, but instead each feature can be symbolized on an item-by-item basis, through Layer Styling panel.

Two types of annotation layer are available in QGIS:

• A common Annotation Layer: you can create one using the ^{New Annotation Layer} tool. It is listed in the Layers panel, allowing you to control its features’ visibility, move it to show above or below particular layers in your map, like any common layer. Double-click the layer and you can access its properties.

• The Main Annotation Layer: By default, this is where annotations are stored when no annotation layer is available in the project or is selected at creation time. This layer is always drawn on the very top of your map and you won’t see it listed in the Layers panel alongside the other layers in your project, meaning that its features are always visible. The Main Annotation Layer Properties entry on the Annotations toolbar helps you open its properties dialog.

Layer Properties

The properties dialog of an annotation layer provides the following tabs:

• Information: a read-only dialog representing an interesting place to quickly grab summarized information and metadata on the current layer. This may include the layer extent, count of items per annotation type and total count, CRS details, …

• Source: defines general settings for the annotation layer. You can:

  • Set a Layer name that will be used to identify the layer in the project (in the Layers Panel, with expressions, …)

  • Display the layer’s Assigned Coordinate Reference System (CRS): you can change the layer’s CRS, selecting a recently used one in the drop-down list or clicking on ^{Select CRS} button (see Coordinate Reference System Selector). Use this process only if the CRS applied to the layer is a wrong one or if none was applied.

• Rendering:

  • You can set the Maximum (inclusive) and Minimum (exclusive) scale, defining a range of scale in which features will be visible. Out of this range, they are hidden. The ^{Set to current canvas scale} button helps you use the current map canvas scale as boundary of the range visibility. See Visibility Scale Selector for more information.

  • Opacity: You can make the underlying layer in the map canvas visible with this tool. Use the slider to adapt the visibility of your vector layer to your needs. You can also make a precise definition of the percentage of visibility in the menu beside the slider.

  • Blending mode at the Layer level: You can achieve special rendering effects with these tools that you may previously only know from graphics programs. The pixels of your overlaying and underlying layers are mixed through the settings described in Blending Modes.

  • Apply paint effects on all the layer features with the Draw Effects button.

  Some of these options are accessible from the feature annotation Symbology properties.

Interacting with features

The Feature annotations have dedicated tools for creation depending on their type:

• ^{Create Polygon Annotation}

• ^{Create Line Annotation}

• ^{Create Marker Annotation}

• ^{Create Text Annotation at Point}

• ^{Create Text Annotation along Line}

All the usual QGIS shortcuts for creating features apply when creating annotation items. A line or polygon annotation is drawn by left-clicking once for each vertex, with a final right mouse click to complete the shape. Snapping can be enabled while you draw, you can use the Advanced Digitizing Tools to precisely place vertices, and even switch the drawing tools to the streaming mode for completely free-form shapes.

Unlike common layers, an annotation layer does not need to be active before you select its features. Simply grab the ^{Modify Annotations} tool and you will be able to interact with any feature annotation:

• Selection: left-click on the annotation. By default, annotations are rendered in the order of creation, meaning that recent annotations will be placed on top of older. You may need to play with the Z-index property of features in order to select ones they would sit above.

• Moving: Left click on a selected annotation item to start moving it. A right-click or pressing Esc key cancels the move, while a second left click will confirm the move. The displacement can also be controlled pressing the cursor keys:

  • Shift+key for big movement

  • Alt+key for 1 px movement

• Geometry modification: for line or polygon annotations, left-click on a vertex of the geometry, move and click again. Double-click a segment to add a new vertex.

• Delete: Pressing the Del or Backspace key while an annotation is selected will delete that annotation

• Change feature symbology

Feature symbology

A selected annotation will display its Symbology properties in the Layer styling panel. You can:

• Modify the appearance using full capabilities of:

  • the symbol properties for polygon, polyline and marker annotations

  • the text format properties for text-based annotations. A text area allows you to construct the string to display using QGIS expression functions. It is also possible to set the Alignment for text annotation at point (left, center or right of the text point).

• For text annotation at point, also configure whether it should Ignore map rotation or Rotate with map. In both cases, a custom Angle can be set for the feature orientation.

• For text annotation along a line, configure an Offset from line in the unit of your choice

• Configure a Reference scale: indicates the map scale at which symbol or text sizes which uses paper-based units (such as millimeters or points) relate to. The sizes will be scaled accordingly whenever the map is viewed at a different scale. For instance, a line feature wide of 2mm at 1:2000 Reference scale will be rendered using 4mm when the map is viewed at 1:1000.

• Set a Z-index: a feature with a higher index is placed on top of features with lower index. A convenient setting for both feature display and selection.

• Modify some of the Layer rendering settings

11.1.6.2. Balloon annotations

You can add balloon annotations through Edit ► Add Annotation ► menu or from the Annotations Toolbar:

• ^{Text Annotation} for custom formatted text

• ^{HTML Annotation} to place the content of an html file

• ^{SVG Annotation} to add an SVG symbol

• ^{Form Annotation}: useful to display attributes of a vector layer in a customized ui file (see Fig. 11.14). This is similar to the custom attribute forms, but displayed in an annotation item. Also see this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0pDBuSbQ02o&feature=youtu.be&t=2m25s from Tim Sutton for more information.

Fig. 11.14 Examples of balloon annotations

To add a balloon annotation, select the corresponding tool and click on the map canvas. An empty balloon is added. Double-click on it and a dialog opens with various options. This dialog is almost the same for all the annotation types:

• At the top, a file selector to fill with the path to an html, svg or ui file depending on the type of annotation. For text annotation, you can enter your message in a text box and set its rendering with the normal font tools.

• Fixed map position: when unchecked, the balloon placement is based on a screen position (instead of the map), meaning that it’s always shown regardless the map canvas extent.

• Linked layer: associates the annotation with a map layer, making it visible only when that layer is visible.

• Map marker: using QGIS symbols, sets the symbol to display at the balloon anchor position (shown only when Fixed map position is checked).

• Frame style: sets the frame background color, transparency, stroke color or width of the balloon using QGIS symbols.

• Contents margins: sets interior margins of the annotation frame.

• Live update allows you to live preview your changes.

Fig. 11.15 A ballon annotation text dialog

When a balloon annotation tool is active, you can also:

• Select an annotation

• Resize an annotation

• Move an annotation by map position (by dragging the map marker) or by moving only the balloon.

• Delete an annotation: select it and either press the Del or Backspace button, or double-click it and press the Delete button in the properties dialog.

• Right-click and in the contextual menu:

  • Copy coordinate of the annotation’s map marker in various CRS

  • Edit properties of the annotation. Same as double-clicking the annotation.

  • Delete the annotation

11.1.7. Measuring

11.1.7.1. General information

QGIS provides four means of measuring geometries:

• interactive measurement tools

• measuring in the ^{Field Calculator}

• derived measurements in the Identifying Features tool

• the vector analysis tool: Vector ► Geometry Tools ► Export/Add Geometry Columns

Measuring works within projected coordinate systems (e.g., UTM) and unprojected data. The first three measuring tools behave equally to global project settings:

• Unlike most other GIS, the default measurement metric is ellipsoidal, using the ellipsoid defined in Project ► Properties… ► General. This is true both when geographic and projected coordinate systems are defined for the project.

• If you want to calculate the projected/planimetric area or distance using cartesian maths, the measurement ellipsoid has to be set to “None/Planimetric” (Project ► Properties… ► General). However, with a geographic (ie unprojected) CRS defined for the data and project, area and distance measurement will be ellipsoidal.

However, neither the identify tool nor the field calculator will transform your data to the project CRS before measuring. If you want to achieve this, you have to use the vector analysis tool: Vector ► Geometry Tools ► Add Geometry Attributes…. Here, measurement is planimetric, unless you choose the ellipsoidal measurement.

11.1.7.2. Measure length, areas, bearings and angles interactively

Click the icon in the Attribute toolbar to begin measurements. The down arrow near the icon switches between length, area, bearing or angle. The default unit used in the dialog is the one set in Project ► Properties… ► General menu.

For the Measure Line and the Measure Area the measurements can be done in Cartesian or Ellipsoidal measure.

Note

Configuring the measure tool

While measuring length or area, clicking the Configuration button at the bottom of the widget opens the Settings ► Options ► Map Tools menu, where you can select the rubberband color, the precision of the measurements and the unit behavior. You can also choose your preferred measurement or angle units, but keep in mind that those values are overridden in the current project by the selection made in the Project ► Properties… ► General menu, and by the selection made in the measurement widget.

All measuring modules use the snapping settings from the digitizing module (see section Setting the snapping tolerance and search radius). So, if you want to measure exactly along a line feature, or around a polygon feature, first set its layer snapping tolerance. Now, when using the measuring tools, each mouse click (within the tolerance setting) will snap to that layer.

The ^{Measure Line} measures distances between given points. The tool then allows you to click points on the map. Each segment length, as well as the total, shows up in the measure window. In the measure window, you will see coordinates for all your points and distances. Keep in mind that the first row will contain only coordinates, as it represents your starting point. Now it is possible to copy all your line measurements at once to the clipboard using the Copy button. Clicking the Configuration button you will access to Measure Tool Copy Settings where you can set up copy options. To stop measuring, click the right mouse button.

Note that you can use the drop-down list near the total to change the measurement units interactively while working with the measure tool. This unit is retained for the widget until a new project is created or another project is opened.

The Info section in the dialog explains how calculations are made according to the CRS settings available.

Fig. 11.16 Measure Distance

^{Measure Area}: Areas can also be measured. In the measure window, the accumulated area size appears. Right-click to stop drawing. The Info section is also available as well as the ability to switch between different area units.

Fig. 11.17 Measure Area

^{Measure Bearing}: You can also measure bearings. The cursor becomes cross-shaped. Click to draw the first point of the bearing, then move the cursor to draw the second point. The measurement is displayed in a pop-up dialog.

Fig. 11.18 Measure Bearing

^{Measure Angle}: You can also measure angles. The cursor becomes cross-shaped. Click to draw the first segment of the angle you wish to measure, then move the cursor to draw the desired angle. The measurement is displayed in a pop-up dialog.

Fig. 11.19 Measure Angle

11.1.8. Setting additional map views

It is also possible to open additional map views whose content could diverge from the Layers panel current state. To add a new map view, go to View ► New Map View. A new floating widget, mimicking the main map view’s rendering, is added to QGIS. You can add as many map views as you need. They can be kept floating, placed side by side or stacked on top of each other.

Fig. 11.20 Multiple map views with different settings

At the top of an additional map canvas, there’s a toolbar with the following capabilities:

• ^{Zoom Full}, ^{Zoom to Selection} and ^{Zoom to Layer(s)} to navigate within the view

• ^{Set View Theme} to select the map theme to display in the map view. If set to (none), the view will follow the Layers panel changes.

• ^{View settings} to configure the map view:

  • Synchronize view center with main map: syncs the center of the map views without changing the scale. This allows you to have an overview style or magnified map which follows the main canvas center.

  • Synchronize view to selection: same as zoom to selection

  • Scale

  • Rotation

  • Magnification

  • Synchronize scale with the main map scale. A Scale factor can then be applied, allowing you to have a view which is e.g. always 2x the scale of the main canvas.

  • Show annotations

  • Show cursor position

  • Show main canvas extent

  • Show labels: allows to hide labels regardless they are set in the displayed layers’ properties

  • Change map CRS…

  • Rename view…

11.1.9. Exporting the map view

Maps you make can be layout and exported to various formats using the advanced capabilities of the print layout or report. It’s also possible to directly export the current rendering, without a layout. This quick “screenshot” of the map view has some convenient features.

To export the map canvas with the current rendering:

1. Go to Project ► Import/Export

2. Depending on your output format, select either

   • Export Map to Image…

   • or Export Map to PDF…

The two tools provide you with a common set of options. In the dialog that opens:

Fig. 11.21 The Save Map as Image dialog

1. Choose the Extent to export: it can be the current view extent (the default), the extent of a layer or a custom extent drawn over the map canvas. Coordinates of the selected area are displayed and manually editable.

2. Enter the Scale of the map or select it from the predefined scales: changing the scale will resize the extent to export (from the center).

3. Set the Resolution of the output

4. Control the Output width and Output height in pixels of the image: based by default on the current resolution and extent, they can be customized and will resize the map extent (from the center). The size ratio can be locked, which may be particularly convenient when drawing the extent on the canvas.

5. Draw active decorations: in use decorations (scale bar, title, grid, north arrow…) are exported with the map

6. Draw annotations to export any annotation

7. Append georeference information (embedded or via world file): depending on the output format, a world file of the same name (with extension PNGW for PNG images, JPGW for JPG, …) is saved in the same folder as your image. The PDF format embeds the information in the PDF file.

8. When exporting to PDF, more options are available in the Save map as PDF… dialog:

   

   Fig. 11.22 The Save Map as PDF dialog

   • Export RDF metadata of the document such as the title, author, date, description…

   • Create Geospatial PDF: Generate a georeferenced PDF file. You can:

     • Choose the Geospatial PDF Format

     • Include vector feature information in the Geospatial PDF file: will include all the geometry and attribute information from features visible within the map in the output Geospatial PDF file.

     Note

     A Geospatial PDF file can also be used as a data source. For more on Geospatial PDF support in QGIS, see https://north-road.com/2019/09/03/qgis-3-10-loves-geospatialpdf/.

   • Rasterize map

   • Simplify geometries to reduce output file size: Geometries will be simplified while exporting the map by removing vertices that are not discernibly different at the export resolution (e.g. if the export resolution is 300 dpi, vertices that are less than 1/600 inch apart will be removed). This can reduce the size and complexity of the export file (very large files can fail to load in other applications).

   • Set the Text export: controls whether text labels are exported as proper text objects (Always export texts as text objects) or as paths only (Always export texts as paths). If they are exported as text objects then they can be edited in external applications (e.g. Inkscape) as normal text. BUT the side effect is that the rendering quality is decreased, AND there are issues with rendering when certain text settings like buffers are in place. That’s why exporting as paths is recommended.

9. Click Save to select file location, name and format.

   When exporting to image, it’s also possible to Copy to clipboard the expected result of the above settings and paste the map in another application such as LibreOffice, GIMP…